Performance comparison of baseline routing protocols in pocket switched network

Pocket Switched Network (PSN) is a branch of Delay Tolerant Network (DTN) which is intended to work in a challenged network. Challenged network is network with lack of infrastructure such as disaster area. As such, the network has intermittent connectivity. PSN provides a new paradigm to distribute messages in the network by taking advantage of roaming nodes from one place to another. In this paper, network performances of eight PSN routing protocols are investigated namely, First Contact, Direct Delivery, Epidemic, PRotocol using History of Encounter and Transitivity (PRoPHET), Spray and Wait, Binary Spray and Wait, Fuzzy Spray, Adaptive Fuzzy Spray and Wait. The performance metrics are packet delivery ratio, overhead ratio and average latency. Opportunistic Network Environment (ONE) simulator is used to evaluate the network performance. Experiments show that Epidemic has the best performance in term of message delivery ratio, but it has the highest overhead ratio. Direct Delivery has the lowest overhead ratio (zero overhead ratio) and PRoPHET has the lowest latency average

3D scientific data mining in ion trajectories

In physics, structure of glass and ion trajectories are essentially based on statistical analysis of data acquired through experimental measurement and computer simulation. Invariably, the details of the structure-transport relationships in the data have been mistreated in favour of ensemble average. In this study, we demonstrate a visual approach of such relationship using surface-based visualisation schemes. In particular, we demonstrate a scientific datasets of simulated 3D time-varying model and examine the temporal correlation among ion trajectories. We propose a scheme that uses a three dimensional visual representation with colour scale for depicting the timeline events in ion trajectories and this scheme could be divided into two major part such as global and local time scale. With a collection of visual examples from this study, we demonstrate that this scheme may offer an effective tool for visually mining 3D timeline events of the ion trajectories. This work will potentially form a basis of a novel analysis tool for measuring the effectiveness of visual representation to assist physicist in identifying possible temporal association among complex and chaotic atom movements in ion trajectories

Chemically treated chicken bone waste as an efficient adsorbent for removal of acetaminophen

Present of pharmaceutical as the emerging pollutants arise the concerns of environment community regarding the potential impact of acetaminophen (ACT) on ecological and human health. Adsorption process has been proven as an effective treatment being activated carbon as the adsorbent to remove many types of pollutant including low concentration of pollutants. However, on large scale industrial processes, utilisation of activated carbon is limited because of their high production cost. Synthesis of waste materials as a precursor of adsorbent is an attractive approach in sustainable management and economic availability. In this study, the removal of ACT from aqueous solution by chemically treated chicken bone (AC) waste was investigated. The adsorption process was conducted in a batch adsorption and affected by several experimental parameters including contact time, pH, adsorbent dose, initial concentration and temperature. With AC dosage of 0.1 g about 93 % of 1,000 mg/L ACT was removed from the aqueous solution that had pH of 2 and temperature of 25 °C. Kinetic of ACT adsorption was well described by pseudo-second order kinetic model. Meanwhile, effect of initial concentration of acetaminophen adsorption data was fitted well with Freundlich isotherm model with an R2 of 0.9909. Finally, the data obtained from effect of temperature was used to determine the adsorption thermodynamic including the enthalpy, ΔH, Gibbs energy, ΔG and entropy, ΔS. It was found that the ΔG was negative at all temperature while both, ΔH and ΔS was also negative between temperatures of 25 °C to 70 °C indicating the process of ACT adsorption was exothermic reaction and the adsorption reaction is spontaneous at low temperature

Guidelines for Process Safety Hazard Assessment Based on Process Information

In any new chemical process development and design, process safety is a critical aspect to be considered besides economic and technical feasibility of the manufacture of the product. A lack of proper hazard assessment during the design phase may later result in accidents with disastrous consequences to workers, the public as well as the environment. Many methods have been introduced to qualitatively and quantitatively assess the safety level of processes. Despite the availability of a large amount of methods, a systematic framework that details guidelines for hazard identification, risk assessment, safety measure design, and safe critical decision-making is still missing. To address this issue, the main objective of this study was to propose a systematic framework that outlines comprehensive guidelines for assessing the safety performance of processes based on information from the piping and instrumentation diagram (P&ID). Apart from proposing the framework, appropriate strategies for minimizing safety hazards and risks are also recommended. In addition, the user is assisted in selecting the most appropriate assessment method according to his or her needs and the scope and constraints of the assessment. A case study is presented to illustrate the application of the proposed framework

Software defined communication framework for smart grid to meet energy demands in smart cities

In smart cities, the electricity is an essential component since it preserves a certain level of residents' life quality and provisions the entire spectrum of their economic activities. Thus, a smart way is essential to develop cities without disregarding energy issues. In this scope, the smart grid paradigm offers power supply in an efficient, sustainable and economical manner with minimal impact on the environment and can meet the future energy demands. However, real-time monitoring and control of the smart grid (SG) for continuous and quality-aware power supply in smart cities (SCs) is challenging and requires an advanced quality of service (QoS)-aware communication framework. In this context, this research aims to present a novel data-gathering scheme by using the Internet of software-defined mobile sinks (SDMSs) and wireless sensor networks (WSNs) in the smart grid. The extensive simulation results conducted through the EstiNet9.0 indicate that the designed scheme outperforms existing approaches and achieves its defined goals for events-drive applications in the SG

Effect of adsorption parameter on the removal of aspirin using tyre waste adsorbent

In recent years, pharmaceutical compound has been detected in small concentration in our surface and ground water. This detection raises a lot of concern as is it reported that pharmaceutical compound can bring adverse effect to the environment even at low concentration. Besides that, there is a growing fear that this compound will eventually end up in human drinking water, thus effecting human health. This prompt a lot of research on the removal method for this particular compound. Adsorption is seen as the most viable option because of its high efficiency, low cost and it is environmentally friendly. In this study, the adsorbent used is carbon black derived from tyre waste via pyrolysis at 800 ºC. The carbon black was treated with 6 M of nitric acid (HNO3) at 90 °C for 0.5 h before being subjected to thermal treatment at 600 °C for 1 h. The response of the adsorption study is the removal of aspirin. There were five adsorption parameters that were varied in this study which are the contact time (until equilibrium), initial pH of aspirin solution (pH 3, pH 7, pH 11), temperature (30, 50, 70 °C), initial concentration (10-100 mg/L) and adsorbent dosage (0.1 g, 0.5 g, 1.0 g). The best removal capacity obtained was 40.40 mg/g of aspirin at pH 3, temperature of 30 °C, 100 mg/L initial concentration and 0.02 g adsorbent dosage

Characterization of microwave-assisted sulfonated glucose catalyst for esterification of palm fatty acid distillate to biodiesel

This study was carried out to solve the problem involving catalyst usage by practicing a heterogeneous solid acid catalyst, which require a low-cost production, easy preparation process, high effectiveness, environmental friendly and suitable to be used in the esterification process involving waste oil containing high level of free fatty acids. This paper investigated the sulfonated incomplete carbonised glucose (SO 3 H/ICG) catalysts prepared via microwave-assisted which involve carbonisation and sulfonation processes. Thorough screening covering the power level of microwave (W), heating time (min) as well as weight of D(+)-glucose (g) were studied to generate the optimum condition for carbonisation process. Sulfonation of the catalyst were prepared at 7 min using 4 g of ICG; 100 ml H2SO4 and medium high power level (560 W).The physical and chemical properties of the sulfonated catalyst were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) and Ammonia Temperature Programmed Desorption (TPD-NH3). For the esterification of palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD), a classic conventional reflux system was used. It is found that 20 g of D(+)-glucose heated at 20 min in medium power level (400 W) provides the optimum carbonisation parameters due to its highest yield of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) produced, 91.41 %

Stress in frictionless granular material: Adaptive Network Simulations

We present a minimalistic approach to simulations of force transmission through granular systems. We start from a configuration containing cohesive (tensile) contact forces and use an adaptive procedure to find the stable configuration with no tensile contact forces. The procedure works by sequentially removing and adding individual contacts between adjacent beads, while the bead positions are not modified. In a series of two-dimensional realizations, the resulting force networks are shown to satisfy a linear constraint among the three components of average stress, as anticipated by recent theories. The coefficients in the linear constraint remain nearly constant for a range of shear loadings up to about .6 of the normal loading. The spatial distribution of contact forces shows strong concentration along ``force chains". The probability of contact forces of magnitude f shows an exponential falloff with f. The response to a local perturbing force is concentrated along two characteristic rays directed downward and laterally.Comment: 8 pages, 8 figure

Characterization of banana peels waste adsorbent for preliminary study of methylene blue removal from aqueous solution

This paper presents the removal of methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solution using adsorbent produced from Banana peels waste (BPW). Banana peels waste adsorbent (BPWA) was prepared via carbonization in laboratory muffle furnace for 1 h. A preliminary study was performed on the adsorption reaction by varying the initial concentration of MB, adsorbent dosage, contact time, pH and temperature of the aqueous solution. Under the best conditions obtained, the maximum percentage removal of MB is approximately 99 %. The potential of BPWA as dyeing wastewater adsorbent was proven by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis, N2 adsorption-desorption analysis and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). From the results, the synthesized adsorbent shown a good percentage removal of MB. In addition, the optimum conditions for the adsorption study are 1 g of adsorbent in the 1 g L-1 of MB initial concentration, for 1 h at pH 8 in 65 ?C. This study reveals potential of BPW in removal of MB dyes from aqueous solution however, further studies are required to establish the applicability of the synthesized adsorbent for the treatment of wastewater from textile industry

Assessing the effectiveness of magnetic nanoparticles coagulation/flocculation in water treatment: a systematic literature review

In this study, a systematic review was performed based on the publications, which report applications of magnetic nanoparticles in coagulation/flocculation technology for water treatment. Through a series of screening steps, eight themes were developed, which composed of 62 relevant articles. The application of magnetic coagulant/flocculant and their effectiveness in water treatment were discussed based on the themes. The findings explained the roles and benefits of integrating magnetic nanoparticles in coagulation/flocculation in water treatment process, as follows: (1) ability to reduce the utilization of conventional coagulant/flocculant due to high charge density provides by magnetic nanoparticles (Fe2+ and Fe3+); (2) shorten the duration of coagulation/flocculation process due to magnetic dipole attraction between magnetic nanoparticles and destabilized pollutants; and (3) recovery of used/exhausted magnetic coagulant/flocculant can be achieved using an external magnetic field, thus reducing materials cost. In-depth studies on magnetic flocs physico-chemical characteristics are recommended for further studies to enable the understanding of the fundamental mechanism of the coagulation/flocculation process. The toxicological and economic implications related to magnetic coagulation/flocculation applications in wastewater treatment are also recommended for investigation